LADA, MODY,
SECONDARY DIABETES – PANCREATIC DISEASES,
STEROID-INDUCED DIABETES
LADA
LADA stands for latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. It tends to develop more slowly than type 1 diabetes and is often misdiagnosed as type 2 diabetes because it can develop around the same time. In the international literature, it is also often referred to as Type 1.5 DM (type 1.5). According to a British prospective study, antibodies specific to LADA were found in 6%–10% of diabetes cases. Among individuals diagnosed with diabetes before the age of 35, LADA may account for up to 25% of cases.
MODY
It is a form of diabetes that usually appears before the age of 25. It is called maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). This type is more likely to be inherited than others, due to a stronger genetic risk factor. It affects approximately 1–2% of people with diabetes and may often go unrecognized in its early stages. It is caused by a mutation in a gene, and the offspring of a carrier of this gene have a 50% chance of inheriting it and developing MODY. There are even various forms of MODY, with HNF1-α being the most common, accounting for 70% of cases. It is sometimes compared to type 2 diabetes since they share common symptoms.
SECONDARY DIABETES – PANCREATIC DISEASES
Secondary diabetes is diabetes that results from another medical condition. It is often permanent, but in some forms, the effects of hyperglycemia may subside or be eliminated.
Conditions that can lead to secondary diabetes include:
- Cystic fibrosis
- Hemochromatosis
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
- Cushing’s Syndrome
- Pancreatic cancer
- Glycagonoma
- Pancreatectomy
- Medications: corticosteroids, beta-blockers, and thiazide diuretics.
Certain forms of secondary diabetes, such as those caused by pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, or hemochromatosis, can lead to a loss of pancreatic function, meaning the pancreas may not be able to produce enough insulin to maintain stable blood glucose levels. In these cases, insulin may be needed to keep blood sugar levels under control. People who have undergone a pancreatectomy are unable to produce sufficient insulin and will therefore require insulin treatment, similar to people with diabetes type 1 diabetes. In glucagonoma, benign tumors lead to the production and release of high concentrations of glucagon. Glucagon acts in the opposite way to insulin by releasing glucose into the blood, which can lead to excessively high blood sugar levels.
DIABETES CAUSED BY STEROIDS
Corticosteroids (cortisone) are used to treat inflammation, but they can lead to diabetes. People with an elevated risk score for developing type 2 diabetes who are being treated with steroids, as well as those who need steroids for longer periods of time, are the most susceptible to developing steroid-induced diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more likely to develop after long-term steroid use, such as taking oral corticosteroids for more than 3 months.